SIGNIFICANCE
Informal urban settlements around the world face multiple challenges that affect residents, local governments, and ecosystems. Transdisciplinary research and community participatory processes can help decision-makers make informed democratic decisions about complex problems that affect the future of communities (de la Peña et al., 2017). The use of data to bring attention to social or political issues and support social justice can be referred to as data activism (Lehtiniemi & Ruckenstein, 2019). Art and storytelling, combined with data, can provide knowledge that expands awareness of and support for underserved informal and Indigenous communities (Caxaj, 2015; Hammond et al., 2018).
“There is a need to bridge the arts with the sciences to fully address the social and environmental crises facing the planet. Transdisciplinarity can meet this need if certain barriers are overcome...” (Shrivastava et.al., 2022)
Context
To escape hardship (e.g. over extraction of resources, slavery, climate change impacts etc.), or seek opportunities (e.g. health, education, economic etc.), hundreds of thousands of Indigenous people have migrated from the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest to Amazonian cities such as Iquitos over the past hundred years. Referencing traditional lifestyles, many migrants created unique floating and stilted communities in the city’s floodplains. Their multi-generational knowledge of floodplain agriculture, amphibious housing, and close-knit community structures provides cultural, economic and ecosystem services to the entire city (Andrews, 2018), and may provide valuable models for global climate change adaptation (United Nations, 2022). However, this mass migration has also created housing and services delivery challenges. In response, government entities are enacting mandatory relocation of the 90,000 people now living in the urban floodplains to new modular public housing developments along a highway in the highlands. The expansive housing project threatens the unique riverine cultures as well as a rare white sand rainforest ecosystem that new developments are replacing.
This project examines three underserved communities in the city of Iquitos, Peru (Figures 1 and 2, Videos). Two communities are traditionally designed in the floodplain, and the third is the government relocation community in the highlands.
Videos 1-5. Drone videos showing Claverito (Videos 1 and 2) and Bajo Belén (Videos 3 and 4) in the high and low river seasons, and Nuevo Belén (Video 5).
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Kevin Mauro Rodriguez
An integrated approach
In alignment with One Health principles (OHHLEP, 2022), we used a mixed methods arts and sciences approach to explore and compare the social and ecological health stories of each community. Although initially designed as a transdisciplinary project, with Peruvian and U.S. team members integrating their disciplinary expertise while co-creating goals and methods together with community members, the COVID-19 pandemic affected travel and hindered close and group community contact, impacting co-creation goals. In the first year, local in-Iquitos Peruvian team members led biological and sociological measures with U.S. team members collaborating virtually, and U.S. team members joined in-person once flight restrictions eased up later in the project timeline. Community members were engaged in outdoor settings only, with strict COVID-19 protocols and adherence to the Peruvian government’s stay-at-home mandates. Professional team members took advantage of online platforms (e.g. Zoom video chats) to support collaboration during this time, both between the arts and sciences disciplines, and between U.S. and Peruvian teams. Ultimately, the accomplished project included transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research with community interactions (Figure 3).
Networked activities extended across two years. The academic team met bi-weekly to manage research activities, sharing disciplinary perspectives that helped craft multidisciplinary research methods [1] (Figure 4) and develop evidence-and-story-based products that collectively shared rich representations of the communities and their voices (see Shared Understandings section, below). Transdisciplinary activity, as represented by circles in Figure 3, included the following: Building on previous work with one community through the InterACTION Labs Program (described in Alarcón, Alarcón, & Andrews 2018), Claverito residents partnered in a “knowledge exchange workshop” with biologists (Figure 5), and community assistants participated in field work (Figure 6). Across all communities, adult community members completed health surveys, including a cognitive nature-connection drawing task. Results from the health surveys and the biological surveys in both high and low water seasons were used to guide photography in order to reflect as accurately as possible the natural and human environments of each community. Community members collaborated with the photographer to direct portraits in their identified home and lived landscapes. In this way, and because the photographer and science researchers all worked closely together from the start of the project, the resulting imagery was directly informed by both the data and by the perspectives and values of community members, with attention to artistic expression. All activities culminated in a one-month exhibition in a cultural museum in Iquitos, including an Opening Celebration and opportunities for community feedback (See Shared Understandings section, below). To build international momentum and support, the exhibition is also traveling and being hosted by institutions in other countries.
[1] Detailed research methods, analyses and outcomes of data will be outlined in forthcoming manuscripts.
Shared understandings
Tres Comunidades, Un Río is a blended arts and sciences exhibition showcasing life, health, and connections to the environment in urban Amazonian floodplain communities, in support of the inclusion of underserved and informal communities and traditional voices in the future planning of Iquitos. The exhibition opened at the Ministry of Culture’s Amazonian Museum in Iquitos, Peru in August 2022 (Figure 7), traveled to the Gould Gallery at the University of Washington, Seattle in November 2023 (Figure 10), and is scheduled to travel to State College, Pennsylvania in 2024 and New York City in 2025. Physical and online versions act as self-advocacy platforms for residents to share information with decision-makers and build international support.
discovery
A. Enhanced understanding from blending the arts and sciences
When analyzing data, the team found substantial biodiversity and ecosystem function in all communities, despite the floodplain communities lacking waste management infrastructure. The team also found that - despite relocation justifications of increased security, safety and wellbeing - quantitative comparative analysis showed few statistical differences between informal floodplain and planned government communities. Artful storytelling explains why. Photos and cognitive mapping drawings revealed that residents placed value on reflective and productive time in nature. They hold strong cultural, emotional, and economic connections to the river, even those living in the relocation community an hour away from the river. Traditionally designed settlements center life around community and familiar ecosystems, while supporting individual needs. Paired with the photographic portraits, the cognitive mapping drawings prepared by residents were important hand-crafted insights into daily interactions with nature both within and around the communities (Figures 11 and 12).
B. Rich stories developed from university-community partnerships
The exhibition captured the intimate details of residents’ cultural pride, connections to nature, and unique riverine lifestyles. Presenting images of daily life alongside animals and plants documented in these communities showcased the ecological, cultural, and economic contributions that these communities provide to the region (Figure 13).
Residents expressed deep emotions seeing the presentation of their lives “as they are” in an art form and with academic elevation in public (Figure 14). At the opening, one resident from one of the study communities wrote (translated from Spanish),
“By reencountering our values, showing our culture, rooted in our ancestors, I am hopeful that this exhibition will successfully [spark] a little more consideration of our needs in all aspects.”
In addition, one visitor wrote in the exhibition journal (translated from Spanish),
“I feel that the exhibition shows a reality that Peruvians sometimes do not know or leave aside and that thanks to this context allows us to understand the behavior and vision of the Indigenous people in Iquitos.”
Such comments showcase the centrality of art to the project by providing a universal, visual medium to convey important findings to broader audiences.
C. Collaboration dynamics
Transdisciplinary projects from start to finish can be difficult to achieve, as engaging diverse epistemologies often takes extra time and management efforts. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this challenge. Ongoing adaptations in the project required immense flexibility and creative problem solving to meaningfully engage and present results in a unique community-supporting product. Reliance on Iquitos professionals and community members, remote communication tools (e.g. Zoom, Jamboard), and strict COVID-19 protocols were critical to project progress.
While the Opening Celebration attracted many professional advocates within Iquitos, one disappointment is that, despite personal invitations, few decision-makers attended. Engaging decision-makers and advocates may require more time. The team will continue to present the stories, results, and community voices to attempt to engage local decision-makers and build public momentum.
reflection - GRATITUDE, DIGNITY, AND TRUST
Mutual trust is the cornerstone of success in university-community partnerships and creating knowledge in common. Our team prioritized trust building and sustaining a “give and take” balance above all other goals. Data results, a typical science project product, was but one of the resources shared with the community. Each resident who was photographed received a framed print, and communities were presented drone-produced aerial prints. The community science program was scaled back due to COVID-19, yet the program still provided economic resilience in a tumultuous time as community assistants were paid for their time and expertise. The Opening Celebration in Iquitos was crafted to elevate traditional cultures and honor community (Figure 15), and residents were provided transportation to attend. Participants’ voices were captured in their own words and drawings, and data and supporting graphics were carefully crafted to break down science communication barriers.
This deeply intertwined research project stimulated a long-term university-community collaboration with three underserved communities in Iquitos, Peru. The research methods intentionally integrated community sourced art – photographs and residents’ cognitive mapping drawings – to add fuller dimension and representation of the communities in data reporting. The ongoing collaborative activities resulted in professional and personal relationships surrounding co-developed stories and understandings. All the activity culminated in a celebration of the traditionally developed and managed communities, shared satisfaction, and the production of valued products. For example, after the exhibition, one community requested signage to display the partnership and products (Figure 16). The project products will continue to be used to advocate for an authentic representation of the communities and to dispel local decision-makers’ and other Iquitos residents’ negative perceptions of informal and traditionally designed communities.
References
Alarcón, J. O. & Alarcón, J. A., & Andrews, L. (2018). Epidemiología, arquitectura paisajista, “Una Salud” e innovación: Experiencia en una comunidad amazónica. La Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 35 (4), 667-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2018.354.4109
Andrews, L. (2018). Integrating human health, ecology and built environment design: A TDAR Gardens Intervention case study with an informal slum community in the Peruvian Amazon. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington]. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/42985
Caxaj C. S. (2015). Indigenous Storytelling and Participatory Action Research: Allies Toward Decolonization? Reflections From the Peoples' International Health Tribunal. Global qualitative nursing research, 2, 2333393615580764. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393615580764.
de la Pena, D., Allen, D., Hester Jr, R., Hou, J., Lawson, L., & Mcnally, M. (2017). Design as Democracy: Techniques for Collective Creativity. Springer.
Hammond, C., Gifford, W., Thomas, R., Rabaa, S., Thomas, O., & Domecq, M. (2018). Arts-based research methods with indigenous peoples: an international scoping review. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 14, 260-276. 10.1177/1177180118796870.
Lehtiniemi, T. & Ruckenstien, M. (2019). The social imaginaries of data activism. Big Data & Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718821146
One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP), Adisasmito, W.B., Almuhairi, S., Behravesh, C.B., Bilivogui, P., Bukachi, S.A., et al. (2022) One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog, 18(6): e1010537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537
Shrivastava, P., Zsolnai, L., Wasieleski, D., & Mairesse, P. (2022). Ecologies of Transdisciplinary Research. Ground Works. https://doi.org/10.48807/2022.1.0009
United Nations. Sustainable Floating Cities Could Advance Greener, Cleaner, Healthier Futures, Deputy Secretary-General says at Round Table on Rising Seas. April 26, 2022. https://press.un.org/en/2022/dsgsm1730.doc.htm